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1.Integrated circuits uas yog tsim nyob rau saum npoo ntawm ib tug semiconductor nti kuj hu ua nyias-film integrated circuits.Lwm hom tuab-film integrated circuit (hybrid integrated circuit) yog ib lub voj voog me me uas muaj cov khoom siv semiconductor thiab cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke rau hauv lub substrate lossis Circuit Court board.
Los ntawm 1949 txog 1957, cov qauv tsim los ntawm Werner Jacobi, Jeffrey Dummer, Sidney Darlington, thiab Yasuo Tarui, tab sis niaj hnub kev sib koom ua ke tau tsim los ntawm Jack Kilby hauv 1958.Nws tau txais txiaj ntsig Nobel nqi zog hauv Physics hauv xyoo 2000 rau qhov no, tab sis Robert Noyce, uas kuj tau tsim cov qauv siv hluav taws xob niaj hnub ua ke tib lub sijhawm, dhau mus rau xyoo 1990.
Tom qab kev tsim khoom thiab kev tsim khoom loj ntawm lub transistor, ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob semiconductor xws li diodes thiab transistors tau siv ntau, hloov cov haujlwm thiab lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev hauv Circuit Court.Los ntawm nruab nrab mus rau lig xyoo pua 20th kev nce qib hauv semiconductor manufacturing technology ua integrated circuits tau.Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau phau ntawv los ua ke ntawm circuits siv ib tug neeg discrete electronic Cheebtsam, integrated circuits tso cai rau kev koom ua ke ntawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm micro-transistors rau hauv ib tug me me nti, uas yog ib tug loj ua ntej.Kev tsim khoom lag luam, kev ntseeg siab, thiab kev ua qauv tsim qauv rau kev tsim hluav taws xob ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke tau ua kom tau txais kev pom zoo sai ntawm cov qauv sib xyaw ua ke es tsis txhob tsim cov khoom siv sib cais.
2.Integrated circuits muaj ob lub ntsiab zoo tshaj discrete transistors: nqi thiab kev ua tau zoo.Tus nqi qis yog vim cov chips luam tawm tag nrho cov khoom raws li ib chav tsev los ntawm photolithography, es tsis txhob ua ib qho transistor ib zaug.Kev ua haujlwm siab yog vim cov khoom hloov pauv sai thiab siv zog tsawg vim tias cov khoom siv me me thiab ze rau ib leeg.2006 pom chip thaj tsam li ntawm ob peb square millimeters mus rau 350 mm² thiab mus txog ib lab transistors ib mm².
Cov qauv kev sib xyaw ua ke tau ua tiav los ntawm Jack Kilby hauv xyoo 1958 thiab muaj cov transistor bipolar, peb resistors, thiab capacitor.
Nyob ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob microelectronic sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov nti, kev sib xyaw ua ke tuaj yeem muab faib ua pawg hauv qab no.
Small Scale Integrated Circuits (SSI) muaj tsawg dua 10 logic rooj vag lossis 100 transistors.
Medium Scale Integration (MSI) muaj 11 txog 100 logic rooj vag lossis 101 rau 1k transistors.
Loj Scale Integration (LSI) 101 txog 1k logic rooj vag lossis 1,001 txog 10k transistors.
Kev sib koom ua ke loj heev (VLSI) 1,001 ~ 10k logic rooj vag lossis 10,001 ~ 100k transistors.
Ultra Loj Scale Integration (ULSI) 10,001 ~ 1M logic rooj vag lossis 100,001 ~ 10M transistors.
GLSI (Giga Scale Integration) 1,000,001 lossis ntau dua logic rooj vag lossis 10,000,001 lossis ntau dua transistors.
3.Kev txhim kho ntawm kev sib txuas ua ke
Cov kev sib xyaw ua ke zoo tshaj plaws yog nyob rau hauv plawv ntawm microprocessors lossis multi-core processors uas tuaj yeem tswj tau txhua yam ntawm khoos phis tawj mus rau lub xov tooj ntawm tes mus rau digital microwave ncu.Thaum tus nqi ntawm kev tsim thiab tsim ib qho kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev sib koom ua ke yog siab heev, tus nqi ntawm ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke yog txo qis thaum kis tau cov khoom uas feem ntau ntsuas hauv ntau lab.Kev ua tau zoo ntawm ICs yog siab vim tias qhov me me ua rau txoj hauv kev luv luv, tso cai rau cov logic hluav taws xob qis kom siv tau ntawm kev hloov ceev ceev.
Tau ntau xyoo, kuv tau txuas ntxiv mus rau cov ntawv me me, tso cai rau ntau lub voj voog ntim rau ib nti.Qhov no ua rau kom muaj peev xwm ntawm ib cheeb tsam, tso cai rau cov nqi qis dua thiab ua haujlwm ntxiv, saib Moore Txoj Cai, qhov twg cov naj npawb ntawm cov transistors hauv IC ob npaug txhua 1.5 xyoo.Hauv cov ntsiab lus, yuav luag txhua qhov kev ntsuas tau zoo dua qub raws li cov qauv tsim qis, cov nqi tsev thiab kev siv hluav taws xob hloov pauv poob, thiab nrawm nce.Txawm li cas los xij, kuj tseem muaj teeb meem nrog ICs uas koom ua ke cov khoom siv nanoscale, feem ntau cov dej ntws tawm.Raws li qhov tshwm sim, kev nce hauv kev ceev thiab kev siv hluav taws xob tau pom zoo heev rau cov neeg siv kawg, thiab cov neeg tsim khoom tau ntsib nrog kev sib tw hnyav ntawm kev siv cov duab geometry zoo dua.Cov txheej txheem no thiab cov kev vam meej uas xav tau nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej tau piav qhia zoo nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia thoob ntiaj teb thev naus laus zis rau semiconductors.
Tsuas yog ib nrab xyoo tom qab lawv txoj kev loj hlob, kev sib koom ua ke tau dhau los ua txhua yam thiab khoos phis tawj, xov tooj ntawm tes, thiab lwm yam khoom siv digital los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntaub.Qhov no yog vim niaj hnub suav, kev sib txuas lus, kev tsim khoom, thiab kev thauj mus los, suav nrog Is Taws Nem, txhua yam nyob ntawm qhov muaj nyob ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke.Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb txawm xav txog qhov kev hloov pauv digital coj los ntawm IC los ua qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv tib neeg keeb kwm, thiab tias kev loj hlob ntawm IC yuav ua rau muaj kev vam meej hauv kev siv thev naus laus zis, ob qho tib si ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim thiab kev ua tiav hauv cov txheej txheem semiconductor. , ob qho tib si yog kev sib raug zoo.