Tshiab thiab thawj TPA3116D2DADR Integrated circuit IC Chips electronics Cheebtsam

Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov hnub ntawm lub semiconductor nti, silicon tsis yog lub ntsiab cim, germanium yog.Tus thawj transistor yog germanium-raws li transistor thiab thawj integrated circuit chip yog germanium nti.
Tus thawj transistor tau tsim los ntawm Bardeen thiab Bratton, uas tau tsim lub bipolar transistor (BJT).Thawj P / N hlws ris diode tau tsim los ntawm Shockley thiab, tam sim ntawd, hom kev sib tshuam no tsim los ntawm Shockley tau los ua tus qauv qauv rau BJT thiab tau ua haujlwm niaj hnub no.Peb ntawm lawv kuj tau txais txiaj ntsig Nobel nqi zog hauv Physics xyoo ntawd xyoo 1956.
Lub transistor tuaj yeem nkag siab yooj yim raws li qhov hloov me me.Raws li cov khoom ntawm lub semiconductor, N-hom semiconductor tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm doping lub semiconductor nrog phosphorus thiab P-hom semiconductor nrog boron.Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm N-hom thiab P-hom semiconductors tsim cov PN kev sib tshuam, ib qho tseem ceeb hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob;qhov no tso cai rau kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb kom ua tau (xws li nrog- rooj vag, lossis- rooj vag, tsis yog rooj vag, thiab lwm yam)
Germanium, txawm li cas los xij, muaj qee qhov teeb meem nyuaj, xws li ntau qhov kev cuam tshuam hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov thermal stability tsis zoo, thiab tsis muaj cov oxides ntom ntom.Ntxiv mus, germanium yog ib yam khoom tsis tshua muaj, tsuas yog 7 feem ntawm ib lab nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust, thiab germanium ores kuj tawg heev.Nws yog vim hais tias germanium yog tsawg heev thiab tsis concentrated tias tus nqi ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv rau germanium tseem siab;tej yam uas tsis tshua muaj, thiab tus nqi siab ntawm cov khoom siv raw ua rau germanium transistors tsis pheej yig dua, yog li nws nyuaj rau tsim germanium transistors ntawm qhov loj.

Cov kws tshawb fawb, yog li ntawd, dhia nce qib thiab saib cov khoom silicon.Koj tuaj yeem hais tias tag nrho cov germanium qhov tsis txaus yog qhov zoo ntawm silicon.

Silicon yog qhov thib ob ntau tshaj plaws tom qab oxygen, tab sis koj yeej nrhiav tsis tau silicon monomers nyob rau hauv qhov;Nws cov ntsiab lus feem ntau yog silica thiab silicates.Ntawm cov no, silica yog nyob rau hauv lem ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov xuab zeb.Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tebchaw xws li feldspar, granite, thiab quartz yog tag nrho raws li silica-oxygen compounds.

Silicon yog qhov ruaj khov khov, muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, thiab tuaj yeem npaj tau yooj yim nrog cov pa roj cua sov li ntawm cov pa cua sov.

Silicon oxide yog insoluble nyob rau hauv dej (germanium oxide yog soluble nyob rau hauv dej) thiab insoluble nyob rau hauv feem ntau acids, uas tsuas yog ib tug zoo meej match rau cov txheej txheem luam ntawv corrosion siv rau luam Circuit Court boards.Cov khoom ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke no yog cov txheej txheem tiaj tus rau kev sib xyaw ua ke uas txuas ntxiv mus rau hnub no.
Silicon crystal kab

Silicon txoj kev mus rau saum
Kev ua lag luam ua tsis tiav: Nws tau hais tias Shockley pom lub sijhawm ua lag luam loj heev ntawm lub sijhawm uas tsis muaj leej twg tseem ua tiav hauv kev ua silicon transistor;yog li ntawd nws thiaj tawm Bell Labs xyoo 1956 los pib nws lub tuam txhab hauv California.Hmoov tsis zoo, Shockley tsis yog ib tus neeg ua lag luam zoo thiab nws txoj kev tswj hwm kev lag luam yog ib tus neeg ruam ua haujlwm piv rau nws txoj kev kawm.Yog li ntawd Shockley nws tus kheej tsis ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev hloov germanium nrog silicon, thiab theem rau tag nrho nws lub neej yog lub podium ntawm Stanford University.Ib xyoos tom qab nws nrhiav tau, yim tus tub hluas uas muaj txuj ci uas nws tau xaiv los ntawm nws qhov loj, thiab nws yog "yim tus neeg ntxeev siab" uas yuav tsum ua kom tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev hloov germanium nrog silicon.

Qhov nce ntawm silicon transistor

Ua ntej Yim Renegades nrhiav tau Fairchild Semiconductor, germanium transistors yog lub lag luam tseem ceeb rau transistors, nrog ze li ntawm 30 lab transistors tsim nyob rau hauv Tebchaws Meskas xyoo 1957, tsuas yog ib lab silicon transistors thiab ze li ntawm 29 lab germanium transistors.Nrog 20% ​​kev ua lag luam sib koom, Texas Instruments tau dhau los ua qhov loj hauv kev lag luam transistor.
Yim Renegades thiab Fairchild Semiconductor

Kev ua lag luam cov neeg siv khoom loj tshaj plaws, tsoomfwv Meskas thiab tub rog, xav siv cov chips loj hauv cov foob pob hluav taws thiab cov foob pob hluav taws, ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws thiab txhim kho kev ntseeg siab ntawm kev tswj cov terminals.Tab sis cov transistors tseem yuav ntsib kev ua haujlwm hnyav los ntawm qhov kub thiab txias thiab kev vibrations hnyav.

Germanium yog thawj zaug poob tawm thaum nws los txog rau qhov kub thiab txias: germanium transistors tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov kub ntawm tsuas yog 80 ° C, thaum cov tub rog yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm ruaj khov txawm tias nyob ntawm 200 ° C.Tsuas yog silicon transistors tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov kub no.
Cov tsoos silicon transistor

Fairchild tau tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua silicon transistors, ua rau lawv yooj yim thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li cov ntawv luam tawm thiab pheej yig dua li germanium transistors ntawm tus nqi.Fairchild txoj kev ua silicon transistors yog ntxhib raws li hauv qab no.

Firstly, ib tug layout yog kos los ntawm txhais tes, tej zaum kuj loj heev uas nws yuav siv sij hawm ib tug phab ntsa, thiab ces daim duab yog yees duab thiab txo mus rau ib tug me me translucent daim ntawv, feem ntau muaj ob txoj kab ntawm peb nplooj ntawv, txhua tus sawv cev ib txheej ntawm circuitry.

Qhov thib ob, ib txheej ntawm cov khoom siv lub teeb-rhiab yog siv rau cov hlais thiab polished du silicon wafer, thiab UV / laser yog siv los tiv thaiv cov qauv Circuit Court los ntawm daim ntawv transillumination mus rau silicon wafer.

Thib peb, cov cheeb tsam thiab kab hauv qhov tsaus ntuj ntawm daim ntawv transillumination tawm cov qauv tsis pom ntawm cov silicon wafer;Cov qauv uas tsis pom zoo no raug ntxuav nrog cov kua qaub, thiab ob qho tib si semiconductor impurities ntxiv (cov txheej txheem diffusion) los yog hlau conductors yog plated.

Thib plaub, rov ua dua peb cov kauj ruam saum toj no rau txhua qhov translucent wafer, ntau cov transistors tuaj yeem tau ntawm silicon wafers, uas yog txiav los ntawm cov poj niam cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv lub tshuab tsom iav thiab tom qab ntawd txuas nrog cov xov hlau, tom qab ntawd ntim, kuaj, thiab muag.

Nrog cov silicon transistors muaj nyob rau hauv ntau qhov ntau, yim renegade tus tsim ntawm Fairchild yog cov tuam txhab uas tuaj yeem sawv nrog cov loj loj xws li Texas Instruments.

Qhov tseem ceeb thawb - Intel
Nws yog qhov kev tsim kho tom ntej ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke uas suav nrog kev tswj hwm ntawm germanium.Thaum lub sijhawm, muaj ob txoj kab thev naus laus zis, ib qho rau kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm germanium chips los ntawm Texas Instruments thiab ib qho rau kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm silicon chips los ntawm Fairchild.Thaum xub thawj, ob lub tuam txhab muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog kev ua tswv cuab ntawm patents ntawm kev sib koom ua ke, tab sis tom qab ntawd Patent Office tau lees paub cov tswv cuab ntawm patents ntawm kev sib koom ua ke los ntawm ob lub tuam txhab.
Txawm li cas los xij, raws li Fairchild cov txheej txheem tau nce siab dua, nws tau dhau los ua tus qauv rau kev sib xyaw ua ke thiab txuas ntxiv siv niaj hnub no.Tom qab ntawd, Noyce, tus neeg tsim khoom ntawm kev sib koom ua ke, thiab Moore, tus tsim ntawm Moore Txoj Cai, tawm ntawm Centron Semiconductor, uas, qhov xwm txheej, yog ob tus tswv cuab ntawm "Eight Traitors".Ua ke nrog Grove, lawv tau tsim dab tsi tam sim no lub ntiaj teb loj tshaj plaws semiconductor nti tuam txhab, Intel.
Peb tus tsim ntawm Intel, los ntawm sab laug: Grove, Noyce, thiab Moore

Hauv kev txhim kho tom ntej, Intel tau thawb silicon chips.Nws tau ntaus cov loj xws li Texas Instruments, Motorola, thiab IBM los ua tus huab tais ntawm semiconductor cia thiab CPU sector.

Raws li Intel tau los ua tus neeg tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam, silicon kuj xaus germanium, thiab dab tsi yog thaum Santa Clara Valley tau hloov npe hu ua "Silicon Valley".Txij thaum ntawd los, silicon chips tau dhau los ua qhov sib npaug ntawm semiconductor chips hauv pej xeem kev xav.

Germanium, txawm li cas los xij, muaj qee qhov teeb meem nyuaj heev los daws, xws li ntau qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, tsis zoo thermal stability, thiab tsis muaj cov oxides ntom ntom.Ntxiv mus, germanium yog ib yam khoom tsis tshua muaj, tsuas yog 7 feem ntawm ib lab nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust, thiab germanium ores kuj tawg heev.Nws yog vim hais tias germanium yog tsawg heev thiab tsis concentrated tias tus nqi ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv rau germanium tseem siab;tej yam uas tsis tshua muaj, thiab tus nqi siab ntawm cov khoom siv raw ua rau germanium transistors tsis pheej yig dua, yog li nws nyuaj rau tsim germanium transistors ntawm qhov loj.

Cov kws tshawb fawb, yog li ntawd, dhia nce qib thiab saib cov khoom silicon.Koj tuaj yeem hais tias tag nrho cov germanium qhov tsis muaj zog yog qhov muaj zog ntawm silicon.

Silicon yog qhov thib ob ntau tshaj plaws tom qab oxygen, tab sis koj yeej nrhiav tsis tau silicon monomers nyob rau hauv qhov;Nws cov ntsiab lus feem ntau yog silica thiab silicates.Ntawm cov no, silica yog nyob rau hauv lem ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov xuab zeb.Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tebchaw xws li feldspar, granite, thiab quartz yog tag nrho raws li silica-oxygen compounds.

Silicon yog qhov ruaj khov khov, muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, thiab tuaj yeem npaj tau yooj yim nrog cov pa roj cua sov li ntawm cov pa cua sov.

Silicon oxide yog insoluble nyob rau hauv dej (germanium oxide yog soluble nyob rau hauv dej) thiab insoluble nyob rau hauv feem ntau acids, uas tsuas yog ib tug zoo meej match rau cov txheej txheem luam ntawv corrosion siv rau luam Circuit Court boards.Cov khoom ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke no yog cov txheej txheem kev sib koom ua ke hauv Circuit Court uas txuas ntxiv mus rau hnub no.