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Cov ntaub ntawv & Media

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integrated circuit (IC), kuj hu ua microelectronic circuit, microchip, lossis nti, ib qho kev sib dhos ntawmhluav taws xobCheebtsam, fabricated raws li ib tug unit, uas miniaturized active pab kiag li lawm (xws li,transistorsthiabdiodes) thiab cov khoom siv passive (piv txwv li,capacitorsthiabresistors) thiab lawv interconnections yog tsim los ntawm ib tug nyias substratesemiconductorkhoom (feem ntausilicon).Qhov tshwm simCircuit Courtyog li no me memonolithic"chip," uas tej zaum yuav tsawg li ob peb square centimeters los yog tsuas yog ob peb square millimeters.Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ib leeg feem ntau yog microscopic loj.

Kev koom ua kecircuits muaj lawv keeb kwm nyob rau hauv invention ntawm lubtransistorhauv 1947 byWilliam B. Shockleythiab nws pab neeg ntawm lubAmerican Telephone thiab Telegraph Company's Tswb Laboratories.Shockley pab neeg (xws liJohn BardeenthiabWalter H. Brattain) pom tias, nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej,electronsyuav tsim ib tug barrier ntawm tej yamsiv lead ua, thiab lawv tau kawm los tswj qhov ntws ntawmhluav taws xobdhau ntawmsiv lead ualos ntawm manipulating no barrier.Kev tswj cov hluav taws xob ntws los ntawm cov siv lead ua tau tso cai rau pab pawg tsim cov cuab yeej uas tuaj yeem ua qee yam kev ua haujlwm hluav taws xob, xws li teeb liab amplification, uas yav tas los ua los ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev.Lawv hu ua cov cuab yeej no yog transistor, los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov lushloovthiabresistor.Txoj kev kawm ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siv cov khoom siv tau los ua lub npe hu ua solid-statehluav taws xob.Cov khoom siv hauv lub xeevua pov thawj tias muaj zog ntau dua, yooj yim rau kev ua hauj lwm nrog, txhim khu kev qha, ntau me me, thiab tsis tshua kim tshaj li lub tshuab nqus tsev vacuum.Siv tib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab cov ntaub ntawv, cov engineers tsis ntev tau kawm los tsim lwm yam khoom siv hluav taws xob, xws li resistors thiab capacitor.Tam sim no hais tias cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ua rau me me, qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub voj voog yog qhov txawv txav ntawm cov khoom siv.

Basic IC hom

Analogpivdigital circuits

Analog, lossis linear, circuits feem ntau tsuas yog siv ob peb yam thiab yog li qee yam ntawm ICs yooj yim.Feem ntau, analog circuits txuas nrog cov khoom siv uas sau cov cim los ntawm covib puag nciglos yog xa cov teeb liab rov qab rau ib puag ncig.Piv txwv li, amicrophoneconverts suab nrov mus rau hauv ib qho hluav taws xob teeb liab ntawm qhov sib txawv voltage.Ib qho analog Circuit Court hloov kho lub teeb liab hauv qee txoj kev muaj txiaj ntsig - xws li amplifying nws lossis lim nws ntawm lub suab tsis zoo.Xws li lub teeb liab yuav raug xa rov qab mus rau lub suab nrov, uas yuav rov tsim cov suab nrov uas tau khaws los ntawm lub microphone.Lwm qhov kev siv rau ib qho analog Circuit Court yog los tswj qee lub cuab yeej hauv kev teb rau kev hloov pauv mus tas li hauv ib puag ncig.Piv txwv li, lub ntsuas kub ntsuas xa cov teeb liab sib txawv rau antsuas kub, uas tuaj yeem tsim kho kom tig lub tshuab cua txias, cua sov, lossis qhov cub rau thiab tawm thaum lub teeb liab tau mus txog qhov tseebtus nqi.

Ib qho digital circuit, ntawm qhov tod tes, yog tsim los lees txais cov voltages ntawm cov nqi tshwj xeeb.Ib lub voj voog uas siv ob lub xeev tsuas yog hu ua binary circuit.Circuit Court tsim nrog binary ntau, "on" thiab "tawm" sawv cev 1 thiab 0 (ie, tseeb thiab tsis tseeb), siv lub logic ntawmBoolean algebra.(Arithmetic kuj tau ua nyob rau hauvbinary tooj systememploying Boolean algebra.) Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb no tau ua ke hauv kev tsim cov ICs rau cov khoos phis tawj digital thiab cov khoom siv sib txuas los ua cov haujlwm xav tau.

Microprocessorcircuits

Microprocessorsyog cov ICs nyuaj tshaj plaws.Lawv muaj li ntawm billions ntawmtransistorsuas tau raug teeb tsa ua ntau txhiab tus neeg digitalcircuits, txhua qhov ua tau qee qhov kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb.Lub microprocessor yog tsim tag nrho ntawm cov logic circuits synchronized rau ib leeg.Microprocessors feem ntau muaj covcentral processing unit(CPU) ntawm lub computer.

Ib yam li ib tug marching band, lub circuits ua lawv cov logic muaj nuj nqi nkaus xwb ntawm cov kev taw qhia los ntawm bandmaster.Lub bandmaster hauv microprocessor, yog li hais, hu ua moos.Lub moos yog lub teeb liab uas hloov pauv sai ntawm ob lub xeev logic.Txhua lub sij hawm lub moos hloov lub xeev, txhua lub logicCircuit Courthauv microprocessor ua ib yam dab tsi.Kev suav yuav ua tau sai heev, nyob ntawm qhov ceev (clock zaus) ntawm microprocessor.

Microprocessors muaj qee qhov circuits, hu ua cov npe, uas khaws cov ntaub ntawv.Cov ntawv sau npe yog qhov chaw nco ua ntej.Txhua tus processor muaj ntau ntau hom kev sau npe.Cov ntawv sau npe tas mus li yog siv los khaws cov lus qhia ua ntej uas xav tau rau ntau yam haujlwm (xws li kev sib ntxiv thiab sib npaug).Cov ntawv sau npe ib ntus khaws cov lej uas yuav tsum tau ua rau thiab qhov tshwm sim.Lwm cov piv txwv ntawm cov ntawv sau npe suav nrog qhov program txee (tseem hu ua tus taw qhia qhia), uas muaj qhov chaw nyob hauv nco txog cov lus qhia tom ntej;pawg pawg pointer (tseem hu ua pawg sau npe), uas muaj qhov chaw nyob ntawm cov lus qhia kawg muab tso rau hauv thaj chaw nco hu ua pawg;thiab lub cim xeeb chaw nyob sau npe, uas muaj qhov chaw nyob ntawm qhov chaw nyobcov ntaub ntawvyuav tsum tau ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv los yog qhov twg cov ntaub ntawv uas tau ua tiav yuav muab khaws cia.

Microprocessors tuaj yeem ua tau ntau lab ntawm kev ua haujlwm ib ob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.Ntxiv nrog rau cov khoos phis tawj, microprocessors muaj ntau hauvvideo game systems,TVs,koob yees duab, thiabtsheb.

Ncocircuits

Microprocessors feem ntau yuav tsum khaws cov ntaub ntawv ntau dua li tuaj yeem tuav hauv ob peb lub npe.Cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv no tau hloov mus rau qhov tshwj xeeb nco circuits.Ncoyog tsim los ntawm ntom arrays ntawm parallel circuits uas siv lawv lub xeev voltage los khaws cov ntaub ntawv.Lub cim xeeb tseem khaws cov lus qhia ib ntus ntawm cov lus qhia, lossis qhov program, rau microprocessor.

Cov neeg tsim khoom txuas ntxiv siv zog los txo qhov loj ntawm lub cim xeeb circuits - kom muaj peev xwm ua kom tsis muaj qhov chaw ntxiv.Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom me me feem ntau siv tsawg zog, ua haujlwm zoo dua, thiab raug nqi tsawg dua los tsim khoom.