(Tshiab & Original) Hauv Tshuag 3S200A-4FTG256C IC Chip XC3S200A-4FTG256C

Yam khoom

 Field Programmable Gate Array

 Ateb-programmable rooj vag array(FPGA) yog ibintegrated circuittsim los ntawm tus neeg siv khoom lossis tus tsim qauv tom qab tsim khoom - yog li lub sijhawmteb-programmable.FPGA configuration feem ntau teev tseg siv ahardware piav lus(HDL), zoo ib yam li siv rau ib qhodaim ntawv thov tshwj xeeb integrated circuit(ASIC).Daim duab Circuit Courtyav dhau los siv los qhia qhov teeb meem, tab sis qhov no yog qhov tsawg zuj zus vim qhov tshwm sim ntawmhluav taws xob tsim automationcuab yeej.

FPGAs muaj array ntawmprogrammable logic blocks, thiab lub hierarchy ntawm reconfigurable interconnects cia blocks yuav wired ua ke.Logic blocks tuaj yeem teeb tsa los ua qhov nyuajkev sib xyaw ua haujlwm, los yog ua raws li qhov yooj yimlogic rooj vagnyiamTHIABthiabXOR.Hauv feem ntau FPGAs, logic blocks kuj suav nrognco cov ntsiab lus, uas tej zaum yuav yooj yimflip-flopslos yog ua tiav blocks ntawm kev nco.^[1]Ntau FPGAs tuaj yeem raug kho dua tshiab los siv sib txawvlogic muaj nuj nqi, tso cai hloov taureconfigurable xamraws li tau ua nyob rau hauvcomputer software.

FPGAs muaj lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauvembedded systemtxoj kev loj hlob vim lawv muaj peev xwm pib tsim software tsim ib txhij nrog kho vajtse, pab kom system kev ua tau zoo simulations nyob rau hauv ib tug heev thaum ntxov theem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, thiab tso cai rau ntau yam kev sim thiab tsim iterations ua ntej ua tiav lub system architecture.^[2]

Keeb kwm [kho]

FPGA kev lag luam sprouted los ntawmprogrammable nyeem nkaus xwb nco(PROM) thiabprogrammable logic devices(PLDs).PROMs thiab PLDs ob qho tib si muaj kev xaiv los ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv cov khoom hauv ib lub Hoobkas lossis hauv thaj chaw (teb-programmable).^[3]

Alteratau tsim muaj nyob rau hauv 1983 thiab xa cov kev lag luam thawj reprogrammable logic ntaus ntawv nyob rau hauv 1984 - lub EP300 - uas featured lub qhov rais quartz nyob rau hauv lub pob uas tso cai rau cov neeg siv los ci ib tug ultra-violet teeb ntawm lub tuag los lwv cov.EPROMcov cell uas tuav cov cuab yeej teeb tsa.^[4]

Xilinxua tus thawj coj mus muag siv tau teb-programmablerooj vag arrayhauv 1985^[3]- XC2064.^[5]XC2064 muaj programmable rooj vag thiab programmable interconnects ntawm lub rooj vag, pib ntawm ib tug tshiab technology thiab kev ua lag luam.^[6]Lub XC2064 muaj 64 configurable logic blocks (CLBs), nrog rau ob peb lub tswv yimnrhiav rooj(LUTS).^[7]

Nyob rau hauv 1987, lubNaval Surface Warfare Centertau pab nyiaj rau qhov kev sim ua los ntawm Steve Casselman los tsim lub computer uas yuav siv 600,000 reprogrammable rooj vag.Casselman tau ua tiav thiab muaj patent ntsig txog qhov system tau tshaj tawm xyoo 1992.^[3]

Altera thiab Xilinx txuas ntxiv tsis muaj kev sib tw thiab loj hlob sai los ntawm 1985 mus rau nruab nrab xyoo 1990s thaum cov neeg sib tw sprouted, eroding ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lawv txoj kev lag luam.Los ntawm 1993, Actel (tam sim noMicrosemi) tau pab txog 18 feem pua ​​​​ntawm kev ua lag luam.^[6]

Xyoo 1990s yog lub sijhawm ntawm kev loj hlob sai rau FPGAs, ob qho tib si hauv Circuit Court sophistication thiab ntim ntawm ntau lawm.Thaum xyoo 1990, FPGAs tau siv feem ntau hauvkev sib txuas lusthiabkev sib tham.Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo caum, FPGAs pom lawv txoj hauv kev rau cov neeg siv khoom, tsheb, thiab kev lag luam.^[8]

Los ntawm 2013, Altera (31 feem pua), Actel (10 feem pua) thiab Xilinx (36 feem pua) ua ke sawv cev kwv yees li 77 feem pua ​​​​ntawm FPGA kev ua lag luam.^[9]

Cov tuam txhab xws li Microsoft tau pib siv FPGAs txhawm rau ua kom muaj kev ua tau zoo, suav nrog cov tshuab siv zog (xws licov chaw zov me nyuamuas ua haujlwm lawvBing nrhiav cav), vimkev ua tau zoo ib wattkom zoo dua FPGAs xa.^[10]Microsoft pib siv FPGAs rauceevBing hauv xyoo 2014, thiab xyoo 2018 tau pib siv FPGAs hla lwm qhov chaw ua haujlwm rau cov ntaub ntawv rau lawv.Azure huab xamplatform.^[11]

Cov sijhawm hauv qab no qhia txog kev nce qib hauv ntau yam ntawm FPGA tsim:

Rooj vag

• 1987: 9,000 rooj vag, Xilinx^[6]
• 1992: 600,000, Naval Surface Warfare Department^[3]
• Thaum ntxov 2000s: lab^[8]
• 2013: 50 lab, Xilinx^[12]

Kev lag luam loj

• 1985: Thawj coj mus muag FPGA: Xilinx XC2064^[5][6]
• Xyoo 1987: $ 14 lab^[6]
• c.Xyoo 1993:> $ 385 lab^{[6][ua tsis tau tejyam pov thawj]}
• 2005: $1.9 nphom^[13]
• 2010 kwv yees: $ 2.75 billion^[13]
• Xyoo 2013: $ 5.4 billion^[14]
• 2020 kwv yees: $ 9.8 billion^[14]

Tsim pib

Apib tsimyog tus tsim kev cai tshiab rau kev siv ntawm FPGA.

• Xyoo 2005: 80,000^[15]
• Xyoo 2008: 90,000^[16]

Tsim [kho]

Tam sim no FPGAs muaj cov peev txheej loj ntawmlogic rooj vagthiab RAM blocks los siv cov kev suav digital nyuaj.Raws li FPGA tsim siv ceev heev I / O tus nqi thiab cov ntaub ntawv bidirectionaltsheb npav, nws dhau los ua qhov kev sib tw los txheeb xyuas lub sijhawm kom raug ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv tau hauv lub sijhawm teeb tsa thiab tuav lub sijhawm.

Kev npaj pem tebua kom muaj kev faib nyiaj txiag hauv FPGAs kom tau raws li lub sijhawm txwv no.FPGAs tuaj yeem siv los ua txhua qhov kev xav tau uas yogASICtuaj yeem ua tau.Muaj peev xwm hloov kho cov haujlwm ua haujlwm tom qab xa khoom,ib nrab re-configurationntawm ib feem ntawm qhov tsim^[17]thiab cov nqi qis uas tsis yog rov ua dua tshiab piv rau ASIC tsim (txawm hais tias feem ntau cov nqi tsev siab dua), muab qhov zoo rau ntau daim ntawv thov.^[1]

Qee FPGAs muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws ntxiv rau cov haujlwm digital.Qhov zoo tshaj plaws analog feature yog programmableslew nqintawm txhua tus pin tso zis, tso cai rau tus kws ua haujlwm teeb tsa tus nqi qis ntawm cov pins me me uas yuav txwv tsis pubnplhaiblos yogob pebunacceptably, thiab los teeb tsa tus nqi siab dua rau hnyav loaded pins ntawm high-ceev raws uas yuav txwv tsis pub khiav qeeb dhau.^[18][19]Kuj tseem muaj yog quartz-siv lead ua oscillators, on-chip resistance-capacitance oscillators, thiabPhase-locked loopsnrog embeddedvoltage tswj oscillatorssiv rau kev tsim moos thiab kev tswj hwm nrog rau kev kub ceev serializer-deserializer (SERDES) xa cov moos thiab txais lub moos rov qab.Feem ntau yog qhov sib txawvcov neeg sib pivntawm input pins tsim los txuas nrogkev taw qhia txawvcov channel.Ob peb "sib xyaw teeb liabFPGAs" muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm peripheralanalog-rau-digital converters(ADCs) thiabdigital-rau-analog converters(DACs) nrog analog teeb liab txias thaiv tso cai rau lawv ua haujlwm ua ib qhosystem-on-a-chip(SOC).^[20]Cov cuab yeej zoo li no ua rau plooj kab ntawm FPGA, uas nqa cov digital thiab xoom ntawm nws cov programmable interconnect ntaub, thiabfield-programmable analog array(FPAA), uas nqa cov txiaj ntsig analog ntawm nws qhov programmable interconnect ntaub.

Logic blocks [kho]

Lub ntsiab lus:Logic thaiv

Simplified piv txwv piv txwv ntawm ib tug logic cell (LUT –Saib lub rooj, FA –Tag nrho adder, DFF-D-type flip-flop)

Feem ntau FPGA architecture muaj xws li array ntawmlogic blocks(hu ua configurable logic blocks, CLBs, los yog logic array blocks, LABs, nyob ntawm tus neeg muag khoom),I/O pads, thiab routing channels.^[1]Feem ntau, tag nrho cov routing channel muaj tib qhov dav (ntau ntawm cov xov hlau).Ntau I / O cov ntaub qhwv tuaj yeem haum rau qhov siab ntawm ib kab lossis qhov dav ntawm ib kab hauv cov array.

"Ib daim ntawv thov Circuit Court yuav tsum tau kos npe rau hauv FPGA nrog cov peev txheej txaus.Thaum tus naj npawb ntawm CLBs / LABs thiab I / Os yuav tsum tau yooj yim txiav txim siab los ntawm tus qauv tsim, tus naj npawb ntawm cov routing lem xav tau tuaj yeem sib txawv txawm tias ntawm cov qauv tsim nrog tib lub logic.(Piv txwv li, acrossbar hloovyuav tsum tau ntau routing tshaj ibsystolic arraynrog tib lub rooj vag suav.Txij li thaum tsis siv txoj kev taug kev nce tus nqi (thiab txo qhov kev ua tau zoo) ntawm qhov tsis tau muab cov txiaj ntsig, FPGA cov tuam txhab sim muab cov lem txaus kom feem ntau cov qauv tsim uas yuav haum rau hauv cov ntsiab lus.nrhiav rooj(LUTs) thiab I/Os tuaj yeem yogtaug kev.Qhov no yog txiav txim los ntawm kev kwv yees xws li cov muab los ntawmRent txoj cailossis los ntawm kev sim nrog cov qauv uas twb muaj lawm. "^[21]Raws li xyoo 2018,network-on-chiparchitectures rau routing thiab interconnection yog tsim.^{[xav tau kev sau ntawv]}

Feem ntau, lub logic block muaj ob peb lub hlwb (hu ua ALM, LE, hlais thiab lwm yam).Ib lub xovtooj ntawm tes muaj xws li 4-input LUT, apuv adder(FA) thiab aD-type flip-flop.Cov no yuav raug muab faib ua ob 3-cov tswv yim LUTs.Hauvhom li qubcov no tau muab tso ua ke rau hauv 4-input LUT los ntawm thawjmultiplexer(mux).Hauvlej lejhom, lawv cov zis yog pub rau tus adder.Kev xaiv hom yog programmed rau hauv lub mux thib ob.Cov zis tuaj yeem yog ib qhosynchronouslos yogasynchronous, nyob ntawm qhov programming ntawm peb mux.Hauv kev xyaum, tag nrho lossis ib feem ntawm cov adder yogkhaws cia ua haujlwmrau hauv LUTs thiaj li yuav cawm tauqhov chaw.^[22][23][24]

Cov blocks nyuaj [kho]

Cov tsev neeg FPGA niaj hnub nthuav dav raws li cov peev txheej saum toj no kom suav nrog kev ua haujlwm siab dua nyob rau hauv silicon.Muaj cov haujlwm zoo sib xws hauv Circuit Court txo cov cheeb tsam uas xav tau thiab muab cov haujlwm no nce nrawm piv rau kev tsim lawv los ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim nyog.Piv txwv ntawm cov no suav nrogtus lej ntau, muajDSP blocks,embedded processors, kev kub ceev I/O logic thiab embeddednco.

Higher-end FPGAs tuaj yeem muaj kev kub ceevmulti-gigabit transceiversthiabnyuaj IP coresxws liprocessor cores,Ethernet nruab nrab nkag mus tswj units,PCI/PCI Expresscontrollers, thiab lwm yam nco controllers.Cov cores no muaj nyob ib sab ntawm cov ntaub programmable, tab sis lawv tsim tawmtransistorstsis yog LUTs yog li lawv muaj ASIC-theemkev ua tau zoothiabsiv zogtsis siv cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb, tawm ntau ntawm cov ntaub dawb rau cov ntawv thov tshwj xeeb logic.Lub multi-gigabit transceivers kuj muaj cov kev ua tau zoo analog input thiab output circuitry nrog rau kev kub ceev serializers thiab deserializers, cov khoom uas tsis tuaj yeem tsim tawm ntawm LUTs.Higher-theem lub cev txheej (PHY) kev ua haujlwm xws likab codingtej zaum yuav los yog tsis tau muab coj los siv ua ke nrog cov serializers thiab deserializers hauv cov logic nyuaj, nyob ntawm FPGA.