Yam khoom

Cov ntaub ntawv & Media

Environmental & Export Classifications

Integrated Circuits 

Ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke (IC) yog ib qho semiconductor nti uas nqa ntau yam me me xws li capacitors, diodes, transistors, thiab resistors.Cov khoom me me no yog siv los xam thiab khaws cov ntaub ntawv nrog kev pab los ntawm digital lossis analog technology.Koj tuaj yeem xav txog IC ua ib lub nti me me uas tuaj yeem siv ua tiav, txhim khu kev qha Circuit Court.Ib qho kev sib txuas ua ke tuaj yeem yog lub txee, oscillator, amplifier, logic gate, timer, computer memory, lossis microprocessor.

Ib qho IC yog suav tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv tsev thaiv ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv hluav taws xob niaj hnub no.Nws lub npe qhia txog cov txheej txheem ntawm ntau qhov sib txuas sib txuas ua ke rau hauv ib qho nyias, silicon-ua semiconductor khoom.

Keeb kwm ntawm Integrated Circuits

Cov thev naus laus zis tom qab kev sib xyaw ua ke tau pib pib xyoo 1950 los ntawm Robert Noyce thiab Jack Kilby hauv Tebchaws Meskas.US Air Force yog thawj tus neeg siv khoom ntawm qhov kev tsim kho tshiab no.Jack kuj Kilby tau mus yeej qhov Nobel nqi zog hauv Physics hauv 2000 rau nws qhov kev tsim ntawm ICs me me.

1.5 xyoo tom qab kev taw qhia ntawm Kilby tus tsim, Robert Noyce tau qhia nws tus kheej version ntawm kev sib koom ua ke.Nws tus qauv daws teeb meem ntau yam teeb meem hauv Kilby lub cuab yeej.Noyce kuj siv silicon rau nws tus qauv, thaum Jack Kilby siv germanium.

Robert Noyce thiab Jack Kilby ob leeg tau txais US patents rau lawv txoj kev koom tes rau kev sib koom ua ke.Lawv tawm tsam nrog cov teeb meem kev cai lij choj tau ntau xyoo.Thaum kawg, Noyce thiab Kilby cov tuam txhab tau txiav txim siab hla daim ntawv tso cai lawv cov khoom tsim thiab qhia lawv mus rau lub lag luam thoob ntiaj teb loj.

Hom Integrated Circuits

Muaj ob hom kev sib xyaw ua ke.Cov no yog:

1. Analog ICs

Analog ICs muaj qhov hloov pauv tas li, nyob ntawm cov teeb liab uas lawv tau txais.Hauv txoj kev xav, ICs no tuaj yeem ncav cuag tus lej tsis txwv.Nyob rau hauv hom IC no, qhov tso zis theem ntawm kev txav yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tswv yim theem ntawm lub teeb liab.

Linear ICs tuaj yeem ua haujlwm raws li xov tooj cua zaus (RF) thiab suab zaus (AF) amplifiers.Lub chaw ua haujlwm amplifier (op-amp) yog cov cuab yeej siv ib txwm siv ntawm no.Tsis tas li ntawd, lub ntsuas kub ntsuas yog lwm daim ntawv thov.Linear ICs tuaj yeem tig ntau yam khoom siv rau thiab tawm thaum lub teeb liab ncav cuag tus nqi.Koj tuaj yeem pom cov thev naus laus zis no hauv qhov cub, cua sov, thiab cua txias.

2. Digital ICs

Cov no txawv ntawm analog ICs.Lawv tsis ua haujlwm dhau qhov ntau ntawm cov teeb liab theem.Hloov chaw, lawv ua haujlwm ntawm ob peb theem ua ntej.Cov ICs hauv paus ua haujlwm nrog kev pab ntawm cov rooj vag logic.Cov rooj vag logic siv cov ntaub ntawv binary.Cov teeb liab hauv cov ntaub ntawv binary tsuas muaj ob theem hu ua qis (logic 0) thiab siab (logic 1).

Digital ICs yog siv rau ntau yam kev siv xws li khoos phis tawj, modems, thiab lwm yam.

Vim li cas Integrated Circuits nrov?

Txawm hais tias tau tsim yuav luag 30 xyoo dhau los, kev sib xyaw ua ke tseem siv tau rau hauv ntau daim ntawv thov.Cia peb tham txog qee yam ntawm lub luag haujlwm rau lawv qhov chaw:

1. Scalability 

Ob peb xyoos dhau los, kev lag luam semiconductor cov nyiaj tau los txog li 350 billion USD.Intel yog tus pabcuam loj tshaj plaws ntawm no.Muaj lwm tus players ib yam nkaus, thiab feem ntau ntawm cov no tau koom nrog kev lag luam digital.Yog tias koj saib cov lej, koj yuav pom tias 80 feem pua ​​​​ntawm kev muag khoom tsim los ntawm kev lag luam semiconductor yog los ntawm kev ua lag luam no.

Integrated circuits tau ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv qhov kev vam meej no.Koj pom, cov kws tshawb fawb txog kev lag luam semiconductor tau txheeb xyuas qhov sib xyaw ua ke, nws cov ntawv thov, thiab nws cov specifications thiab ntsuas nws.

Thawj IC puas tau tsim muaj tsuas yog ob peb transistors - 5 kom paub meej.Thiab tam sim no peb tau pom Intel's 18-core Xeon nrog tag nrho ntawm 5.5 billion transistors.Tsis tas li ntawd, IBM's Storage Controller muaj 7.1 billion transistors nrog 480 MB L4 cache hauv 2015.

Qhov kev scalability no tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev muaj koob meej ntawm Integrated Circuits.

2. Tus nqi

Muaj ntau qhov kev sib cav txog tus nqi ntawm IC.Tau ntau xyoo, muaj kev xav tsis zoo txog tus nqi tiag tiag ntawm IC ib yam nkaus.Yog vim li cas tom qab qhov no yog tias ICs tsis yog lub tswv yim yooj yim ntxiv lawm.Technology tab tom mus tom ntej ntawm qhov nrawm nrawm heev, thiab cov neeg tsim qauv chip yuav tsum ua raws li qhov nrawm no thaum xam tus nqi ntawm IC.

Ob peb xyoos dhau los, tus nqi suav rau IC siv los tso siab rau silicon tuag.Lub sijhawm ntawd, kwv yees tus nqi nti tuaj yeem yooj yim txiav txim siab los ntawm kev tuag loj.Thaum silicon tseem yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb hauv lawv cov kev suav, cov kws tshaj lij yuav tsum xav txog lwm yam khoom siv thaum xam tus nqi IC, thiab.

Txog tam sim no, cov kws tshaj lij tau txiav txim siab qhov sib npaug yooj yim los txiav txim siab tus nqi kawg ntawm IC:

Tus nqi kawg IC = Tus nqi pob + Tus nqi kuaj + Tus nqi tuag + Tus nqi xa khoom

Qhov kev sib npaug no suav tag nrho cov ntsiab lus tsim nyog uas ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv kev tsim cov nti.Ntxiv rau qhov ntawd, tuaj yeem muaj qee yam lwm yam uas yuav raug txiav txim siab.Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov thaum kwv yees tus nqi IC yog tias tus nqi yuav txawv thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom rau ntau yam laj thawj.

Tsis tas li ntawd, txhua qhov kev txiav txim siab txog kev ua haujlwm thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau tus nqi ntawm qhov project.

3. Kev ntseeg tau

Kev tsim cov kev sib xyaw ua ke yog ib txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb heev vim nws xav kom txhua lub tshuab ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua thaum lub sijhawm ntau lab lub voj voog.Sab nraud electromagnetic teb, qhov kub thiab txias, thiab lwm yam kev ua haujlwm txhua tus ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm IC.

Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau ntawm cov teeb meem no tau raug tshem tawm nrog kev siv cov kev tswj xyuas kom muaj kev ntxhov siab.Nws muab tsis tau tshiab tsis ua hauj lwm mechanisms, nce kev cia siab ntawm lub integrated circuits.Peb kuj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov kev faib tsis ua haujlwm hauv lub sijhawm luv luv los ntawm kev siv cov kev ntxhov siab ntau dua.

Tag nrho cov no pab kom paub tseeb tias ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tau zoo.

Tsis tas li ntawd, ntawm no yog qee qhov tshwj xeeb los txiav txim siab tus cwj pwm ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke:

Kub

Qhov kub thiab txias yuav txawv heev, ua rau kev tsim cov IC nyuaj heev.

Qhov hluav taws xob.

Cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm ntawm qhov nominal voltage uas tuaj yeem sib txawv me ntsis.

Txheej txheem

Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas siv rau cov khoom siv yog qhov pib voltage thiab channel ntev.Cov txheej txheem variation yog cais raws li:

• Ntau heev
• wafer rau wafer
• Tuag tuag

Integrated Circuit Packages

Lub pob ntawv qhwv cov tuag ntawm ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke, ua kom yooj yim rau peb txuas rau nws.Txhua qhov kev sib txuas sab nraud ntawm qhov tuag yog txuas nrog ib qho me me ntawm cov hlau kub rau ib tus pin ntawm lub pob.Pins yog extruding terminals uas yog nyiaj xim.Lawv dhau los ntawm lub voj voog mus txuas nrog lwm qhov ntawm cov nti.Cov no yog qhov tseem ceeb heev vim lawv mus ncig ntawm lub voj voog thiab txuas mus rau cov xov hlau thiab lwm yam ntawm cov khoom hauv ib lub voj voog.

Muaj ntau ntau hom pob khoom uas tuaj yeem siv tau ntawm no.Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv muaj tshwj xeeb mounting hom, tshwj xeeb qhov ntev, thiab tus pin suav.Cia peb saib seb qhov no ua haujlwm li cas.

Pin suav

Txhua qhov sib xyaw ua ke yog polarized, thiab txhua tus pin sib txawv ntawm ob qho tib si kev ua haujlwm thiab qhov chaw.Qhov no txhais tau tias lub pob yuav tsum qhia thiab cais tag nrho cov pins ntawm ib leeg.Feem ntau ICs siv ib lub dot lossis lub notch los qhia thawj tus pin.

Thaum koj txheeb xyuas qhov chaw ntawm thawj tus pin, tus lej ntawm tus lej tas li nce hauv ib ntus thaum koj mus counter-clockwise nyob ib ncig ntawm lub voj voog.

Mounting

Mounting yog ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm ib hom pob.Txhua pob tuaj yeem raug cais raws li ib qho ntawm ob pawg mounting: nto-mount (SMD lossis SMT) lossis dhau-qhov (PTH).Nws yog qhov yooj yim dua los ua haujlwm nrog Cov Pob Txha Hauv Qhov Ncauj vim lawv loj dua.Lawv raug tsim los kho rau ntawm ib sab ntawm ib lub voj voog thiab soldered mus rau lwm qhov.

Nto-mount pob tuaj nyob rau hauv ntau qhov sib txawv, los ntawm me me mus rau minuscule.Lawv tsau rau ntawm ib sab ntawm lub thawv thiab yog soldered rau saum npoo.Cov pins ntawm lub pob no yog nyob rau ntawm lub nti, nyem tawm sab, los yog qee zaum muab tso rau hauv lub matrix ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub nti.Integrated circuits nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug nto-mount kuj yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb cov cuab yeej kom tau assembled.

Dual In-Line

Dual In-line Package (DIP) yog ib qho ntawm ntau pob khoom.Qhov no yog hom dhau-qhov IC pob.Cov chips me me no muaj ob kab sib txuas ntawm cov pins txuas vertically tawm ntawm cov xim dub, yas, cov vaj tsev nyob.

Cov pins muaj qhov sib nrug ntawm li 2.54 hli nruab nrab ntawm lawv - tus qauv zoo meej kom haum rau hauv breadboards thiab ob peb lwm cov qauv tsim.Nyob ntawm tus lej suav, DIP pob qhov ntev yuav txawv ntawm 4 txog 64.

Cov cheeb tsam nruab nrab ntawm txhua kab ntawm cov pins yog qhov sib txawv los pab kom DIP ICs sib tshooj ntawm thaj chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub breadboard.Qhov no ua rau kom cov pins muaj lawv tus kheej kab thiab tsis luv.

Daim Ntawv Qhia me me

Cov pob ntawv me me los yog SOIC zoo ib yam li qhov chaw-mount.Nws yog tsim los ntawm khoov tag nrho cov pins ntawm DIP thiab shrinking nws.Koj tuaj yeem sib sau cov pob no nrog ib txhais tes khov kho thiab txawm tias lub qhov muag kaw - Nws yooj yim heev!

Quad Flat

Quad Flat pob khoom splay pins nyob rau hauv tag nrho plaub cov lus qhia.Tag nrho cov pins hauv quad tiaj tus IC tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm yim tus pins ntawm ib sab (32 tag nrho) txog xya caum tus pins ntawm ib sab (300+ tag nrho).Cov pins no muaj qhov chaw nyob ib ncig ntawm 0.4mm txog 1mm ntawm lawv.Cov sib txawv me me ntawm cov pob quad tiaj tiaj muaj xws li cov khoom qis (LQFP), nyias (TQFP), thiab nyias nyias (VQFP).

Pob Grid Arrays

Pob Grid Arrays lossis BGA yog cov pob IC tshaj plaws nyob ib puag ncig.Cov no yog qhov nyuaj heev, cov pob me me uas cov pob me me ntawm cov khoom siv tau teeb tsa nyob rau hauv ib daim phiaj ob sab ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib koom ua ke.Qee lub sij hawm cov kws tshaj lij txuas cov khoom siv ncaj qha rau qhov tuag!

Pob Grid Arrays pob khoom feem ntau yog siv rau cov microprocessors siab heev, zoo li Raspberry Pi lossis pcDuino.